No, painkillers are not creating addicts onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com

onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com No, painkillers are not creating addicts

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We often hear media reports that suggest addicts are created when doctors prescribe painkillers for people who are actually in pain. But the evidence suggests that this isn't true. And the stigma against prescribing painkillers is hurting patients who need relief.

Over at Washington Post, Maia Svalavitz explores some of the myths and facts about pain management. She notes that stories about painkiller addicts never address the needs of patients with chronic pain whose quality of life may depend on a prescription for opoids or other drugs. Plus, all the research on painkiller addicts suggests that most addictions do not start with a legitimate prescription from a doctor:

The media also give a false impression of the role of pain treatment in causing opioid addiction. While most coverage includes anecdotes about people who became addicted during medical opioid use, the research shows that most opioid addicts actually start as street users and were never pain patients at all.

For example, for years the National Household Survey on Drug Use and Health hasasked thousands of Americans about their misuse of prescription drugs, and the sources from which they get their supply. And consistently, the answer is that at least 80 percent are not pain patients who were medically addicted: two out of three either get opioids for free or buy them from a friend or relative. The rest obtain the drugs either from dealers, by theft, by prescription forgery or online.

A recent study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that among the most frequent opioid misusers, a full third get the drugs from doctors — but this suggests that preexisting addicts are seeking pain doctors to get drugs, not that pain treatment is turning people into addicts. Indeed, two-thirds of the heaviest prescription drug users are not seeing doctors to get their drugs at all.

As a result of the hysteria over painkiller addiction, doctors are less likely to prescribe drugs for people who really are in pain. And of course addicts are still getting their fixes — which most of them never got from doctors anyway.

Read more at Washington Post

onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com No, painkillers are not creating addicts

What happens when we exceed the universe's speed limit? onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com

onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com What happens when we exceed the universe's speed limit?

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As far as universal limits go, the speed of light gets all the glory. But did you know there is a different speed limit for particles? It's called the GZK limit, and some people think it has already been exceeded. Which has some pretty weird implications for the laws of the universe.

We know that the ultimate speed limit of the universe, the limit that nothing can exceed, is the speed of light. Nothing gets around faster than a photon. But the universe is not exclusively made up of photons. It is also made up of physical particles. Of course, as Einstein proved, these particles can be equivalent to photons. The equation E = mc² showed us that mass can change into energy and energy into mass the same way that water can be poured from one cup to another — although with considerably more difficulty. While energy is tough to get a hold on, mass is notoriously sluggish. No matter how little the quantity of mass we try to accelerate, we can never quite get it up to the speed of light.

Cosmic Rays and Cosmic Microwaves

But if there's anything that really should come close to the speed of light it's cosmic rays. A few people are surprised to find that cosmic rays don't move at the speed of light, since the word "ray" implies photons. The term "cosmic ray" is a hold-over from when scientists thought these high-energy entities were light. They're actually particles, generally protons and atomic nuclei that have been thrown our way by distant supernovae. There are few things with more power than a supernova, but cosmic rays still don't achieve the speed of light. Indeed, the don't even supersede an energy level that's slower than light. This energy level is known as the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit, or GZK limit. The GZK limit exists not because of the cosmic events that accelerate the particles, or deficiencies in the particles themselves, but because of the cosmic microwave background through which the particles move.

The cosmic microwave background is the leftover light of the Big Bang. When it started moving through the universe, it was as hot as the surface of a star. That was 14 billion years ago. Not it's just a few degrees above absolute zero, but it's still there. In fact, it's still everywhere. There is nowhere in the universe anyone can go what won't contain these photons.

When a Particle Meets a Photon

When two particles slam together at a certain energy level, there are consequences. The cosmic microwave background photons are not high energy, but that doesn't matter if the matter that's slamming into them is high energy. Get above a certain energy threshold for a collision and it forms a new particle. This particle, a neutral pion, will go sailing off, taking some of the energy from the existing particle with it.

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Loss of energy means loss of speed. The new particle takes away some of the old particle's will to hurtle through the universe. If the old particle were somehow to pick up speed, it would only keep that speed until it hit another photon again. So the GZK limit is not theoretical, but practical. If a particle goes any large distance in the universe, certainly if it moves between solar systems, it will get knocked down to below the GZK limit.

Can Anything Exceed the Limit?

And so, when astronomers saw cosmic rays that exceeded the GZK limit, they were puzzled. There were a few possible explanations. The least exciting one was equipment error, of course. Then there was the intriguing possibility that something nearby was emitting those impossible cosmic rays. The particles need to collide with something to bring their energy down. Over short distances, a few particles might escape collision. The question was, what nearby source were those rays coming from? Nothing astronomers saw nearby could have emitted them. So to dark energy and dark matter, scientists added the possibility of dark supernovae, or other invisible, incredibly energetic events.

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Scientists also theorized that something called Deformed Special Relativity might be responsible for the GZK-exceeding cosmic rays. This version of special relativity claims that, not only is the speed of light the maximum speed for the universe, the Planck energy and Planck length are the maximum energy and minimum length for the universe. The collision of the particles with the cosmic background radiation might be so energetic that this new kind of relativity came into play.

Unfortunately, just this once the universe decided to be boring. It seems that, as equipment has gotten better, the sightings of cosmic rays exceeding the GZK limit have stopped. Hopefully, the universe will soon find another way to mess with our heads.

Top Image: NASA/JPL

Pinwheel Galaxy Image: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Supernova Image: NASA/ESA/JHU/R.Sankrit & W.Blair

[Via Explanation of the GZK Limit, Astrophysics Update, The Cosmic Speed Limit, Cosmos.]

onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com What happens when we exceed the universe's speed limit?

American Horror Story had NO CLUE how to end this season onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com

onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com American Horror Story had NO CLUE how to end this season

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American Horror Story: Coven — as beautiful and big and loud and completely bat shit insane as it was — had no fucking clue how to end. And that's a damn shame. Spoilers ahead...

What came first? The Seven Wonders finale showdown, or Stevie Nick's cameo contract? I wouldn't be surprised if this series was written like an old timey newscast, where some uppity reporter is hurriedly jotting down the bullet points of breaking news, and stuffing them into the anchor's hands: "This just in... Misty Day is....... dead." NOW ACT EVERYBODY, ACT!

Last year's Asylum was also entirely TOO MUCH — but the show still managed to weave together an impressive tribute to Geraldo Rivera's star-making exposé (which was both a compliment and a dig to the main character). Somehow between the alien abductions and Nun possession, they put together an insane closure worthy of the preposterous season that came before (mostly by sweeping the whole alien storyline under the rug). Sadly, Coven simply could not pull its shit together.

Coven never knew what it wanted to be. A story about a young girl who was cast out of her home, only to find solidarity in her unique abilities? A decades old rivalry between immortal witches and different magical sects of New Orleans? A brutal mother and daughter relationship? This series was all these things but really none of these things — because none of these story lines had time to breathe. Buried under gratuitous deaths and resurrections, a nonsensical witch-killing society that served zero purpose (but to kill the random plotline next door), and a ghost who collects dolls and dead bodies.

I was positively giddy when this series tricked me into thinking that these girls were going to put aside their differences and start working together. Finally, the magical sisterhood that makes witchcraft so much fun. But instead, the Coven continued to rip itself apart, killing off member after member with deaths that felt more like afterthoughts than grand exits. Then bulldozing whatever violent act had just occurred, with another new plot point. There were certainly moments of brilliance hidden in this finale. If there's one thing this show knows how to do, it's dream up one beautiful absurdity after the other. But the finale failed at making me care about the overall season.

But let's break it down bit by bit, shall we?

We begin with a completely jarring Stevie Nicks 90s music video! I was half expecting "Express Yourself" Madonna to show up and start cat crawling through the billowy curtains. Yikes, that was dated. But I guess when you get Stevie Nicks, you must use Stevie Nicks. Even if it makes no logical sense at all. Did Nicks just fly back to New Orleans to hand out extra shawls? "Don't think about it, just go with it," seems to be the motto for this conclusion.

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Don't get me wrong: I love watching Stevie Nicks wear a fabulous hat and lip-sync classic tunes to a crotch tracking camera angle. She is THE BEST. But when the TV cut to the titles it was like hearing a loud angry demon fart cut off pottery class jam session. The music video had no earthly business being there. I half expected Denis O'Hare to pop up out of the corner, shrug and say, "That's My American Horror Story!" Womp womp.

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After the musical interlude, we're back to the beginning (of the beginning) of the Seven Wonders. But first, American Horror Story has a very important Last Supper recreation it needed to do, for reasons. GIVE IT UP, YOU GUYS.

Ok, after the gratuitous Jesus stuff, now the series is seriously ready to show off the Seven Wonders. For those of you just checking in, the Seven Wonders is a test that a witch must pass to prove that she is the true Supreme. It is very dangerous and since this Coven is made up of egomaniacs, ALL of the girls are participating in this deadly trial, which may or may not result in all of their deaths. But leader Cordelia is fine with killing off the children she was tasked with protecting this season, for the greater good of no one. Good decisions, everybody.

The test stars off relatively banal. Everyone moves a candle around, then they show off their mind control skills. Every witch gets out of these tasks relatively unharmed. But then we get to the good stuff. Each girl must descend into their own personal hell and then return. We've seen Queenie's hell before (the fried chicken shack). Madison is stuck in a live TV musical of The Sound of Music (TIMELY). Zoe gets stuck in a never ending loop of breaking up with Kyle (UUUUUUUUGH). But the best hell is Misty Day's hell. It's truly perfect for her character and another great chance for Lily Rabe to show off her truly sensational acting prowess. Here's the clip:

Dammit, Rabe is so good at this. Unfortunately, these are Misty's last moments, and she evaporates into dust... which is apparently a thing that happens to witches. Don't overthink it — it's just what happens.

What a waste. What a pithy goodbye. Remember when we first met this completely bonkers swamp witch? This flighty crocodile loving mud monster was supposed to be a lot more than *crumbles into dust*, right? What was the point of even having her on this series? So we could have a character who brings other characters back to life? Oh right, so they could put Stevie Nicks on. This was a pretty meh way to go, for a character who had so much potential. Even if it was a pretty inspired personal hell.

And the random deaths don't stop there. The girls need to unwind after the last death, so they start a game of tag transmutation, which leads to a SURPRISE IMPALEMENT of Zoe.

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First up, LOL this death. Second, how did they get her down from there? Clearly this happens so the next test, Necromancy, can force the audience to actually give a shit about these trials.

Queenie can't bring Zoe back from the dead, which means she's out of the pageant. All that's left is Madison. Who, in a pretty brilliant move of utter brattiness, REFUSES. Instead she squashes a fly and brings that back to life, letting Zoe's body rot. Of all the horrible things this character has done, this was by far the absolute best. Madison is a completely worthless "I make things worse" character in this series. Alas, she is also the only witch that gets any sort of real character development, and it just consisted of making her worse. The last two episodes literally showed her stamping her feet and screaming like a petulant toddler. Queenie learned shit from her stay with Marie Laveau. Zoe's biggest character moment? Getting a ticket to Epcot, running away, and then coming back. These girls are the worst.

And they are all about to get even worse. Out of nowhere, Myrtle Snow turns to Cordelia and says, "Hey, maybe YOU'RE the new Supreme, Gucci, Prada, Pucci!" And just like that, it gels that Cordelia is going to be the new Supreme. And it's a done deal. Cordie beats Madison and now she's the boss. Cordelia, the witch so blind she couldn't conjure up a single spell until someone told her to just right now. The witch leader so incompetent she got most of the people living in her house killed. The leader who didn't know that her husband was the scion of an international witch hunting society. Cordelia, the witch so daft she got her sight back, and then STABBED OUT HER OWN EYES on a hunch that maybe her magical gifts would come back, which they didn't.

I like Cordelia, and I'm glad she's finally harnessing her inner chi, but this was kind of a cop out for the Supreme. Personally I was hoping they ALL would be the Supreme. That there would be a new era of lady witch togetherness. That somehow they would all learn to stop being such vapid little monsters. It's no surprise that I couldn't eke out a single feel as Kyle randomly strangles the life out of Madison. The overall message seemed to be, "Kill the bad people and let the good people rule, even if they're really bad at it." No redemption, no growth, no fun grey area to play about in, just good is good and bad is bad. Looking back, this must be why they killed off Nan (a very good character). Nan was starting to go bad — so as opposed to trying to help her, or play with any sort of moral ambiguity, they killed her.

Does it help tie up this season in a nice little bow? Yes it does. It's simple and thoughtless and requires very little effort to think about. Which is why it sucked even more when Fiona showed up all not dead.

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This was a good scene. Everyone knew Fiona was still alive because Jessica Lange doesn't simply die off screen. The old Supreme returned to New Orleans hoping to discover the new leader, kill her, and drain her life force. But when she realized it was her daughter, plans changed. Instead Cordie and Fiona have the long coming "talk" where Fiona reveals that she wasn't a good Mother because "Cordelia reminded her of her own mortality?" Wait, what?

OK sure, whatever. I love these actors, and it's a joy seeing them together. But god help me, I couldn't care. I needed more time with these two. Less time with hot, young Fiona. More time with Failed Mother Fiona. But that's not how this series played out. Cordie was shipped off to the witch school at a very early age. So the only meat we have is the late-in-the-game bitterness and this final hug of death.

This sad parting, which was very sweet and a tidy way to end this relationship, only exemplifies the reality that we didn't really get to know these characters' relationship that well. Or at least, I felt like I didn't. Queenie and the Delphine LaLaurie shared more deeply personal talks and horrific betrayals than these two. Then you throw Myrtle into the mix, Cordelia's "real mother," and you're all mixed up. Fiona lets go of life and moves on, allowing her Daughter to be bigger and grander, and Myrtle demands that she must be burned at the stake for her previous murders. While they both think they are both doing something nice, YOU ARE BOTH SHIT PARENTS. And frankly Cordelia is better off without either of them.

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So what happens? Myrtle burns and screams her last word, "BALENCIAGA" because of course she does. Meanwhile Fiona is sent to her own personal hell with her Axe Man.

Does this mean that Fiona never loved Axe Man, or is her hell being stuck with Axe Man and not loving him? I do not know, but frankly Axe Man shouldn't be given a happy place for eternity because he did kill quite a lot of people.

Cordelia decides to take the Coven public, and now everyone knows that witches are real, or that these bitches in New Orleans are rich and crazy. It was a nice "Hey, look at us growing" kind of moment, but the overall gesture felt empty. And we didn't need the "we're stronger in the public" throwaway line in the end. If you're going to talk about pseudo political "living in the open," forcible public closeting, talk about living in the open. Don't just wave a cheetah-gloved hand at it and smile.

Bottom line, Cordelia shouldn't be allowed to have new students. Most of the kids she was in charge of protecting died. How is she going to keep all of these girls alive? Oh right, she killed all the BAD people, so that's why. Let's hope none of these new girls are "bad people." Or this Coven is fucked.

Overall this season was a collection of fantastic moments, strung together by whole lot of "Huh?" Why was Patti LuPone even IN this season? I'll happily watch her give out bleach enemas, but after awhile the "OMG it's Patti LuPone-ness" wears off. So all we're left with are brilliant moments of insanity (like watching an Oscar winner's severed head sing "Dixie Land") bookended with gorgeous sets, and fabulous hats. And that's nice, but it usually makes for a bad finale. Which it did.

This won't be the first time I've called this show "highly watchable garbage" but that term certainly seems to fit. While it ended with what seemed like a mirage of fake emotions, I watched every damn second of it. And to that, I doth my expensive black hat to them.

onlinecollegedegreee.blogspot.com American Horror Story had NO CLUE how to end this season